Why is Anti-endomysial Antibody (EMA) High? Causes, Symptoms, and What to Do
Learn about high Anti-endomysial Antibody (EMA), its causes, symptoms, and when to consult a doctor.
Anti-endomysial antibody (EMA) is a type of antibody often tested when doctors suspect certain autoimmune conditions. A high EMA result can be concerning, but understanding what it means can help you take the right steps. This article explains what a high EMA level indicates, why it might be elevated, and what actions you should consider.
What is Anti-endomysial Antibody (EMA)?
Anti-endomysial antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system. They target the endomysium, a layer of connective tissue that surrounds muscle fibers. EMA testing is primarily used to help diagnose coeliac disease, an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. The test result is reported as either negative or positive by titre, which indicates the concentration of antibodies present.
Why is EMA Important?
EMA is highly specific for coeliac disease. This means that if you have a positive EMA test, it is very likely that you have coeliac disease. It is often used to confirm a positive anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) test, another marker for coeliac disease. While a positive EMA test is a strong indicator of coeliac disease, further diagnostic testing, such as an intestinal biopsy, is usually required to confirm the diagnosis.
Causes of High EMA Levels
The primary cause of a high EMA level is coeliac disease. When someone with coeliac disease consumes gluten, their immune system responds by producing EMA. This response leads to inflammation and damage in the small intestine. It is important to note that other conditions rarely cause a high EMA, which is why it is considered a specific marker for coeliac disease.
Symptoms of High EMA Levels
Symptoms associated with high EMA levels are typically those of coeliac disease. These can include digestive symptoms like diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain. Other symptoms can be more systemic, such as fatigue, anemia, and weight loss. Some people may experience a skin rash known as dermatitis herpetiformis, which is also linked to gluten sensitivity.
What to Do if Your EMA is High
If your EMA test comes back positive, your healthcare provider will likely recommend further testing to confirm a diagnosis of coeliac disease. This usually involves an intestinal biopsy to look for damage in the small intestine. If coeliac disease is confirmed, the primary treatment is a strict gluten-free diet, which can help alleviate symptoms and prevent further intestinal damage.
Frequently asked questions
What does a positive EMA test mean?
A positive EMA test is highly indicative of coeliac disease, but additional testing is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis.
Can anything other than coeliac disease cause a high EMA?
It is rare, but certain other autoimmune conditions might cause a high EMA. However, it is primarily associated with coeliac disease.
Is a high EMA level dangerous?
A high EMA level itself is not dangerous, but it indicates an underlying condition, like coeliac disease, which requires management.
Can I have coeliac disease with a negative EMA test?
Yes, it is possible, especially in cases where the individual has been on a gluten-free diet before testing. Other tests might be necessary to confirm coeliac disease.
How is EMA measured?
EMA is measured by titre, which indicates the concentration of antibodies in your blood.
When to see a doctor
You should consult a healthcare provider if you have symptoms of coeliac disease, such as ongoing digestive issues, unexplained fatigue, or a family history of the condition. If you have a positive EMA test, it is crucial to follow up with your doctor for further evaluation and possible confirmation of coeliac disease.
Remember, this information is intended to help you understand your lab results better, but final decisions about your health should be made in consultation with your healthcare provider.