What Are Uterine Fibroids? A Patient's Guide

Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in or on the uterus, the organ in a woman's body where a baby grows during pregnancy. Understanding what uterine fibroids are, their symptoms, and how they can affect your health is important for making informed decisions about your care.

What are uterine fibroids?

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, are benign tumors that arise from the muscle tissue of the uterus. They are quite common, with many women developing them at some point in their lives, often during their reproductive years. Fibroids can vary in size from as small as a pea to as large as a melon.

Symptoms of uterine fibroids

While some women with fibroids experience no symptoms, others may have a variety of symptoms, including heavy menstrual bleeding, prolonged periods, pelvic pain or pressure, frequent urination, difficulty emptying the bladder, constipation, and back or leg pain. The presence and severity of symptoms often depend on the size, number, and location of the fibroids.

Causes and risk factors

The exact cause of uterine fibroids is not known, but several factors may influence their development. These include hormonal factors, such as estrogen and progesterone, which are hormones that stimulate the growth of the uterine lining during each menstrual cycle and may promote the growth of fibroids. Genetic factors also play a role, as fibroids often run in families. Other risk factors include age, with fibroids more common in women in their 30s and 40s, obesity, and a diet high in red meat and low in green vegetables, fruit, and dairy.

Diagnosis and treatment options

Uterine fibroids are often discovered during a pelvic exam or prenatal ultrasound. If fibroids are suspected, your doctor may recommend imaging tests such as an ultrasound or MRI to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options vary based on the severity of symptoms, the size and location of the fibroids, and a woman's overall health and pregnancy plans. Options include medication to regulate hormones and relieve symptoms, non-invasive procedures like MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery, minimally invasive procedures such as uterine artery embolization, and traditional surgeries like myomectomy or hysterectomy.

Frequently asked questions

What are the chances of fibroids becoming cancerous?
Uterine fibroids are almost always benign, meaning they are not cancerous. The risk of fibroids turning into cancer is very low.

Can uterine fibroids affect pregnancy?
Fibroids can sometimes affect pregnancy and fertility. They may cause complications such as infertility, miscarriage, or preterm birth, depending on their size and location.

Are there lifestyle changes that can help manage fibroids?
While lifestyle changes cannot cure fibroids, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and regular exercise may help reduce the risk of developing fibroids or alleviate symptoms.

When to see a doctor

If you experience symptoms that may be related to fibroids, such as heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, or difficulty emptying your bladder, it is important to talk to your doctor. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

This article is for informational purposes only and does not substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider for decisions about your health.