What is Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)? A Patient's Guide
Learn about nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, including symptoms, causes, and when to see a doctor.
Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, is a condition where hard mineral and salt deposits form in the kidneys. These stones can cause significant pain and discomfort as they move through the urinary tract. Understanding what kidney stones are, their causes, and when to seek medical attention can help you manage this condition effectively.
What are kidney stones?
Kidney stones are solid masses made up of tiny crystals. These crystals are usually composed of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or cystine. They form when there is an imbalance in the substances that make up urine, leading to the crystallization and aggregation of these minerals. Kidney stones can vary in size, from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball.
Why do kidney stones matter?
Kidney stones can cause severe pain, typically in the back or side, as they move through the urinary tract. This pain, known as renal colic, can be intense and may come in waves. In addition to pain, kidney stones can lead to nausea, vomiting, and blood in the urine, known as hematuria. If left untreated, kidney stones can lead to complications such as urinary tract infections or kidney damage.
What causes kidney stones?
Several factors can contribute to the formation of kidney stones, including:
- Dehydration: Not drinking enough water can lead to concentrated urine, increasing the risk of stone formation.
- Diet: A diet high in sodium, sugar, or protein can increase the risk of certain types of stones.
- Medical conditions: Conditions such as gout, hyperparathyroidism, and certain urinary tract infections can increase the risk of stone formation.
- Family history: A family history of kidney stones can increase your likelihood of developing them.
How to read your lab results
If you suspect you have kidney stones, your doctor may order tests such as urine analysis, blood tests, or imaging studies like an ultrasound or CT scan. A urine analysis can reveal high levels of minerals like calcium or uric acid. Blood tests can check for other conditions that might contribute to stone formation. Imaging studies help locate the stone and determine its size and position.
Frequently asked questions
What are the symptoms of kidney stones? The main symptoms include severe pain in the back or side, nausea, vomiting, and blood in the urine.
Can kidney stones be prevented? Drinking plenty of water, reducing salt intake, and maintaining a balanced diet can help prevent kidney stones.
How are kidney stones treated? Treatment depends on the size of the stone and may include pain relief, increased fluid intake, or medical procedures to remove or break down the stone.
When to see a doctor
You should consult a doctor if you experience severe pain in your back or side, have blood in your urine, or experience persistent nausea and vomiting. If you have a known history of kidney stones and develop symptoms, it is important to seek medical advice promptly.
Decisions about your health should always be made in consultation with your healthcare provider.
Read this in another language
This explainer is queued for our doctor panel and hasn't been individually reviewed yet. It's general information, drawn from standard references - always confirm decisions with your own clinician.